Module 1: Introduction to Surveying

Specialized Types of Surveys

There are many kinds of surveys, each used for different purposes. Even if someone works in only one area, it’s good to know a little about all of them because they often overlap.

Control Surveys

Control surveys set up a network of permanent markers (monuments) on the land. These markers act like a reference frame for all other surveys.

• Often use GNSS (GPS) instruments for high accuracy.

Topographic Surveys

Topographic surveys find the positions and elevations of natural (hills, rivers) and man-made features (buildings, roads) to create detailed maps.

Land, Boundary, and Cadastral Surveys

These surveys establish legal property lines and corner markers.

• Original Surveys: Create new markers in areas never surveyed before.
• Retracement Surveys: Find and confirm old boundary lines.
• Subdivision Surveys: Divide land into new parcels with markers.
• Condominium Surveys: Record exact ownership areas in condo buildings.

Hydrographic Surveys

Hydrographic surveys measure water depths and shoreline shapes in oceans, lakes, rivers, and reservoirs.

Alignment Surveys

Alignment surveys lay out the path for long, straight projects—like highways, railroads, and pipelines—by measuring from one control point to the next.

Construction Surveys

Construction surveys provide the exact lines, slopes, and positions needed to build structures and calculate how much material is needed.

As-Built Surveys

As-built surveys record the final, actual locations of everything after construction—especially important for underground utilities.

Mine Surveys

Mine surveys guide both surface and underground mining operations, including tunnels and shafts.

Solar Surveys

Solar surveys map property lines and check for obstructions based on sun angles—important for solar panels and zoning rules.

Optical Tooling (Industrial Surveying)

Optical tooling uses precise optical instruments to line up and measure parts in factories—vital when tiny errors aren’t allowed.

Ground, Aerial, and Satellite Surveys

• Ground Surveys: Use tools like levels and total stations on the ground.
• Aerial Surveys: Capture photos from airplanes or drones (photogrammetry) or use remote sensors.
• Satellite Surveys: Use GNSS receivers or satellite images to map large regions quickly.